Hospital pharmacy quality assurance system assessment in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Health system pharmacies, like other health care professional, practice under a number of mandated standards. Basic concepts of quality assurance [QA] standards should be applied to hospital pharmacy practice. The survey reported here is to assess QA system implementation and its standard indicators observation in Tehran University of Medical Sciences [TUMS] hospitals' pharmacies in 2007-2008. A cross - sectional, descriptive analytical survey was accomplished. First, a checklist within the framework of QA standard indicators was made to assess TUMS hospitals pharmacies practice. Collected data was saved by Excel soft-ware for recording and analyzed by SPSS version-15. Observation rate of QA standard indicators was classified by inappropriate, relatively appropriate, and appropriate. Characteristics of TUMS hospitals pharmacists organizational structure, size, equipment, safety facility and drug requirement were studied by QA standard indicators. Many of QA standard indicators are observed and implemented in TUMS hospitals pharmacies, but several of these standards are not observed too. It is appropriate that all TUMS hospitals pharmacies are required to advance the profession, often with the same goal of increasing involvement in direct patient care

[Comparision effectivness of extracts of thyme, yarrow, henna and garlic on cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major in animal model [BALB/C]]

Leishmaniasis is not as severe as other diseases, often lesions are selfhealing. For various reason as long lasting duration of lesions and treatment, disfiguring scar reminding, secondary infection in lesions, have comfortable treatment method and accessible with less cost, it is necessary various method of treatment with less side effect. The results of previous studies showed that Indoleanalogues, Terpens, Iridoids, Quinones and Alkaloid hemisynthetic derivatives have promising antileishmanial potential. These derivatives were found in Thyme, Henna Yarrow and Garlic. Access to formulation drug without harmful chemical material and without side effect. After Inoculation of parasite in base tail of mice, during of three weeks caused lesions in inoculation place, then animal divided to 9 groups. In this study we used 4 alchoholic extract solution 2 times a day. we checked lesions weekly for six week and meseaured size of lesion in the base of tail with kulis - vernieh. Data of study analyzed with Anova, Paired t test and schefeh. We observed significant difference between mean of lesion in before and after treatment in control, Yarrow [Bomadaran] and Thyme [Avishan] groups [p<0.05]. Paired t test showed that there were not significant difference between mean of lesion in after treatment between groups of treatment and glucantime groups [p>0.05]. Alchoholic extract to Avishan and Boomadaran have good effect on lesions treatment, we suggest that the study could be repeated with Thyme [Avishan] and Yarrow [Bomadaran] extract in gel or cream base in first stage of lesions appearance

Frequency, type and causes of medication errors In student nurses

Medication errors in healthcare environment are considered as a serious threat to patients' health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency, type and causes of medication errors of nursing students. This was a descriptive study conducted in Arak University of Medical Sciences. Seventy six student were selected through census method of sampling. A questionnaire, consisting two sections of demographic information and questions about medication errors, was completed by students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to findings, 17.1% of students reported medication errors and 43.42% reported impending medication errors. The most common type of error was wrong dose of medication, the most common cause of which was poor pharmacologic knowledge. Heparin, Dopamin, Dubotamin, Vancomycin, Phenytoin and Captoprile were the most prevailing drugs about which the students reported errors. Results showed that the rate of medication errors in nursing student was high. It seems that some causes of medication errors are related to poor pharmacological knowledge, drug calculation and so on. According to the results, it is imperative to realize the weak points of students or educational program and plan to resolve them

[ relationship between triglyceride level - HDL level - tumor necrosis alpha factor and its soluble receptors with lupus erythematosus activity]

Systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] is a disease with life-threatening complications. Since evidence indicates that measurement of triglyceride [TG] and HDL levels and tumor necrosis alpha factor [TNF- alpha] and its types I and II soluble receptors plays a major role in evaluation of lupus activity, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the above mentioned factors and lupus activity in Tehran in 2005. In this cross-sectional study fasting blood samples were obtained from 86 SLE patients who had been entered into the study through convenient sampling and the disease activity was calculated using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]. Scores >/= 6 were considered as active lupus and <6 as dormant lupus. Serum levels of TNF- alpha, sTNFR[1] and sTNFR[2] were measured through ELISA [Bender Medsystem] and blood TG and HDL through routine biochemical tests within 12 hours overnight fasting. The results were analysed by t-test, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. 46 people [53.5%] suffered from dormant disease and 40 people [46.5%] from active disease. TG level had significant relationship with disease activity, sTNFR[2] [P=0.001] and TNF-alpha [P=0/01], while HDL level had inverse significant relationship with SLEDAI [P=0.007], TNF [P=0.01], STNFR1 [P=0.001]. There was no significant relation between TG and HDL with STNFR2. Multiple linear analysis of regression showed that three variables [TG, sTNFR[1] and sTNFR[2]] are maintained in the model for prognosis of the disease while TNF-alpha and HDL are omitted. Dislipoproteinemia [elevated TG and reduced HDL] correlates with SLE activity following an increase in TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors. Thus, serum levels of TG, HDL and TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors are connected with lupus activity and are valuable markers for the disease activity

[Determination of relationship between father's cigarette smokingand sex ratio in children]

Sex ratio is referred to male, female ratio which is usually 1.06. This ratio is decreased during the last few years. One of it's reasons seems to be poisons and environmental pollutions such as cigarette smoke. In this investigation we studied the relationship between father's cigarette smoking and sex ratio in children.This is a historical cohort study. Study population were neonates born in Arak hospitals during summer and autumn 1383. Sample size was determined 710 neonates, based on alpha = 5%, beta = 10%. Sampling method was census in which all newborns with inclusion criteria were selected and questionnaires were filled. Samples were divided into three groups. 1- Newborns with nonsmoker fathers 2- Newborns with smoker fathers [less than 20 cigarettes a day] 3- Newborns with smoker fathers [20 or more cigarettes a day][Father's cigarette smoking at least 3 months before conception in second and third group]. Newborn's sex ratio was determined in each group and caparisoned. Data analysis was done by frequency, ratio, mean and standard deviation indexes and K-S, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi square tests and relative risk, using SPSS software. At all stages of the study Helsinki declaration was regarded.Overall sex ratio was 1.04. This ratio was 1.272 for neonates with nonsmoker fathers and 0.77 for neonates with smoker fathers. Also sex ratio in newborns with smoker fathers using less than 20 cigarettes a day was 0.846 and for those with fathers using 20 or more was 0.60. Based on chi square there was a meaningful relationship between the three groups[p<0.00001]. Relative risk in low cigarette group was 1.23 and in high cigarette group 1.42.Based on findings it seems that father's cigarette smoking near conception results in decreasing sex ratio and the increased use of cigarettes the decreased born of male neonates